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中国城市计划推出人造月球取代路灯

      日期：2018-10-18 09:10:47
导读：©Alamy库存照片 在与满月的晚上被照亮的Jiutian塔在背景中，成都，中国。据报道，在成都，有一个雄心勃勃的计划正在取代城市的路灯：用更强大的假月亮来增强真实月亮的光芒。中国西南部城市计划在2020年发
在与满月的晚上被照亮的九天塔在背景中，成都，中国。

 

©Alamy库存照片 在与满月的晚上被照亮的Jiutian塔在背景中，成都，中国。据报道，在成都，有一个雄心勃勃的计划正在取代城市的路灯：用更强大的假月亮来增强真实月亮的光芒。

中国西南部城市计划在2020年发射一颗照明卫星。根据“人民日报”的一篇报道，人造月球“设计为夜间补充月亮”，尽管亮度是其八倍。

卫星的“黄昏般的光晕”能够照亮直径为10-80km的区域，而精确的照明范围可以控制在几十米之内 - 使其能够取代路灯。

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私营空间承包商成都航天科技微电子系统研究所(Casc)董事长吴春风上周在成都举行的全国大规模创新创业活动中分享了这一愿景。

视频：Moonmoons：属于其他卫星的卫星可能存在(GeoBeats)

视频播放器来自：誓言(隐私政策)

据报道吴说多年前已经开始对卫星进行测试，现在该技术已经发展到足以允许在2020年推出。目前尚不清楚该计划是否得到了成都市或中国政府的支持， 中国航天科技集团公司 是中国太空计划的主要承包商。

“人民日报”将这一想法归功于“一位法国艺术家，他想象一下，悬挂在地球上方的镜子项链，可以全年反映巴黎街头的阳光”。

成都假月升的可能性还有待观察。但是有先例moonage 虽然技术和雄心不同，但根植于科学的白日梦。

2013年，挪威小镇Rjukan上方安装了三个大型计算机控制的镜子，以跟踪太阳的移动并将其光线反射到城镇广场上。“Rjukan - 或者至少是Rjukan的一个小而重要的部分 - 不再被困在太阳的地方别 闪耀，“当时卫报报道。

更久以前，在20世纪90年代，一支由俄罗斯天文学家和工程师组成的团队成功地将一颗卫星发射到太空，将太阳光反射回地球，短暂地照亮了夜晚的半球。

据“纽约时报”报道，Znamya实验的目的是“用相当于几个满月的光来测试在地球上照亮点的可行性”。“几个”被夸大了，但设计被证明是合理的。

画廊：来自太空的壮观照片(图片服务)

 

 
 
 
 
Slide 5 of 86: The SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launches from Vandenberg Air Force Base carrying the SAOCOM 1A and ITASAT 1 satellites, as seen during a long exposure on October 7, 2018 near Santa Barbara, California. After launching the satellites, the Falcon 9 rocket successfully returned to land on solid ground near the launch site rather than at sea. The satellites will become part of a six-satellite constellation that will work in tandem with an Italian constellation known as COSMO-SkyMed.
Slide 6 of 86: Asteroid Ryugu, an ancient space rock roughly 300 million km from Earth, is now home to three Earth-born inhabitants bouncing across its bouldery surface. In the early morning of 3 October 2018, the Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout (MASCOT) gently fell to the asteroid’s surface, joining its Japanese siblings, the MINERVA-II rovers 1-A and 1-B. This remarkable image was taken during MASCOT’s descent, 3.5 minutes after separation from its parentship and 20 metres from its final resting place. At the top right, MASCOT’s fuzzy shadow can be seen, standing out next to the sharp detail of Ryugu’s puckered surface. Developed by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in cooperation with the French space agency CNES, MASCOT was originally thought to have enough power to explore the mile-long rock for just 12 hours. However, the adventurous box delighted its team when it inspected Ryugu’s surface for more than 17 hours, making an extra bounce and sending all the data collected back to the mothership, Hayabusa2. The Hayabusa2 spacecraft left Earth in December 2014, carrying four small rovers designed to investigate Ryugu’s surface. Each fell freely to the surface under the asteroid’s weak gravity, bouncing on arrival and immediately collecting data on their strange new world. The spacecraft is expected to return 3 samples to Earth in December 2020 from varying parts of the ancient asteroid. With these specimens, scientists on Earth hope to learn about the composition of carbonaceous asteroids like Ryugu — a type of space rock expected to preserve some of the most pristine materials in the Solar System. This class of asteroid also has members who at times come too close to Earth for comfort, near-Earth objects (NEOs). It is hoped that Hayabusa’s incredible mission will shed light on these marauding masses which could come in handy if we one day need to defend ourselves from them. Undoubtedly, Hayabusa’s insights into this giant pile of space rubble will prove useful to the teams involved in ESA’s ambitious proposed mission to test asteroid deflection, Hera — in particular, understanding the low gravity environment of these unique solar system bodies.
Slide 7 of 86: The Copernicus Sentinel-3 satellite takes us over eastern US. Spanning a huge area, including the states of Ohio, Maryland, West Virginia and Delaware, a number of major cities can be seen in this true-colour image. The megacity of New York is visible in the top right. A megacity is defined by the United Nations as a city with a population of over ten million. According to the latest estimates there will be 43 megacities across the globe by 2030. Further down the coast, the US capital of Washington, D.C. can be seen in the upper-central part of the image. Washington, D.C. is a territory, not a state. The first part of the capital’s name is in honour of the first president of the US, George Washington, and D.C. stands for District of Columbia, derived from Christopher Columbus. This true-colour image from Sentinel-3’s Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) shows sediment being carried into the North Atlantic Ocean along the coast. Sediment and potentially algae can also be seen in Lake Erie in the top left. This lake is the fourth-largest of the five Great Lakes of North America. It has a surface area of over 25 000 sq km. Around five million tonnes of a type of rock salt called halite is mined from beneath the lake every year. The state of Ohio is also known for its fertile soil, coal, and natural gas reserves. The brown that dominates the central part of the image represents mountainous areas and forests, running through West Virginia and beyond. Known as the Mountain State, this is the only state completely within the Appalachian Mountain region. At around 460 m, its average elevation is higher than any other state east of the Mississippi River. To the north of West Virginia, Pennsylvania, which takes its name from a combination of Latin words, meaning ‘Penn’s woods’, stretches up towards New York. Half of this state is covered by forests, including Allegheny National Forest, which can be seen in the top-centre of the image.
Slide 8 of 86: The Soyuz MS-08 space capsule carrying the International Space Station (ISS) crew of NASA astronauts Andrew Feustel and Richard Arnold and Roscosmos cosmonaut Oleg Artemyev lands in a remote area outside the town of Dzhezkazgan (Zhezkazgan), Kazakhstan, on October 4, 2018. - Two American astronauts and a Russian cosmonaut returned to Earth on October 4, 2018 wrapping up a six-month mission at the International Space Station as tensions between Washington and Moscow threaten a rare area of cooperation.
Slide 9 of 86: Astronomers using ESA’s XMM-Newton space observatory have captured the X-ray glow (shown here in purple) emitted by the hot gas that pervades the galaxy cluster XLSSC006. The cluster is home to a few hundreds of galaxies, large amounts of diffuse, X-ray bright gas, and even larger amounts of dark matter, with a total mass equivalent to some 500 trillion solar masses. Because of its distance from us, we are seeing this galaxy cluster as it was when the Universe was only about nine billion years old. The galaxies that belong to the cluster are concentrated towards the centre, with two dominant members. Since galaxy clusters normally have only one major galaxy at their core, this suggests that XLSSC006 is undergoing a merger event. Pictured in this view, where the X-ray data are combined with a three-colour composite of optical and near-infrared data from the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, are a multitude of other galaxies. Some are closer to us than the cluster – like the spiral galaxy towards the top right – and some are farther away. The image also shows a handful of foreground stars belonging to our Milky Way galaxy, which stand out with their diffraction spikes (a common artefact of astronomical images), while the small purple dots sprinkled across the frame are point sources of X-rays, many of them beyond the Milky Way.
Slide 10 of 86: The Copernicus Sentinel-1 mission has imaged the oil spill in the Mediterranean following a collision between two merchant ships on Sunday 7 October 2018. A Tunisian cargo ship is reported to have struck the hull of a Cypriot container ship in waters north of the French island of Corsica. There were no casualties, but the collision caused a fuel leak – which has resulted in an oil slick about 20 km long. Although the collision occurred in French waters, the cleanup operation is part of a joint pact between France, Italy and Monaco to address pollution accidents in the Mediterranean.
Slide 11 of 86: Shock waves festoon a small scale model of the X-15 in Langley
Slide 12 of 86: Deep observations made with the MUSE spectrograph on ESO’s Very Large Telescope have uncovered vast cosmic reservoirs of atomic hydrogen surrounding distant galaxies. The exquisite sensitivity of MUSE allowed for direct observations of dim clouds of hydrogen glowing with Lyman-alpha emission in the early Universe — revealing that almost the whole night sky is invisibly aglow.
Slide 13 of 86: The H-II Transfer Vehicle-7 (HTV-7) from JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) is pictured after it was captured by the Canadarm2 operated by Expedition 56 Commander Drew Feustel as Flight Engineer Serena Auñón-Chancellor backed him up inside the cupola. The HTV-7 took a four and a half day trip to the space station after launching Sept. 22, 2018, from the Tanegashima Space Center in Japan.
Slide 14 of 86: In this Feb. 8, 2007 photo, astronaut Michael E. Lopez-Alegria, Expedition 14 commander and NASA space station science officer, participates in a 6-hour, 40-minute spacewalk as construction continues on the International Space Station. During his NASA career, Lopez-Alegria flew on the STS-73, STS-92 and STS-113 space shuttle missions, and spent seven months on the space station as commander of Expedition 14. He logged more than 257 days in space and performed 10 spacewalks totaling 67 hours and 40 minutes.
Slide 15 of 86: SPHERE image of Vesta, produced using the MISTRAL algorithm, with a synthetic view derived from space-based data. This is part of the ESO Picture of the Week potw1826a.
Slide 16 of 86: The first node of the European Data Relay System, EDRS-A, is shown in geostationary orbit over Copernicus Sentinel-1 and -2, and the International Space Station.
Slide 17 of 86: The Copernicus Sentinel-1B satellite takes us over central Italy. From the Apennine Mountains in the top right, to the fertile, former lakebed of the Avezzano plain in the centre right, this bright, false-colour image captures the diversity and beauty of the region’s landscapes. Dual-polarisation radar technology has been used, resulting in vibrant shades of green for most of the land surface shown. Built up areas, such as Italy’s capital city of Rome, appear in shades of red and pink. Meanwhile, the structure of the agricultural fields of Altopiano in the Abruzzo region is clearly reflected in a combination of blue and violet hues. This radar technology allows us to see the crater lake structures of the volcanic lakes of Nemi and Albano in the bottom left clearly. The same is true for Lago di Vico with the volcano and crater clearly visible in the top left of the image. The central region of Italy is an important one for the space industry. For example, ESA’s centre for Earth observation, which celebrates its 50-year anniversary this week, is located in this area.
Slide 18 of 86: The positions and reconstructed orbits of 20 high-velocity stars, represented on top of an artistic view of our Galaxy, the Milky Way. These stars were identified using data from the second release of ESA’s Gaia mission. The seven stars shown in red are sprinting away from the Galaxy and could be travelling fast enough to eventually escape its gravity. Surprisingly, the study revealed also thirteen stars, shown in orange, that are racing towards the Milky Way: these could be stars from another galaxy, zooming right through our own. ESA (artist’s impression and composition); Marchetti et al 2018 (star positions and trajectories); NASA/ESA/Hubble (background galaxies), CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
Slide 19 of 86: International Space Station Commander Alexander Gerst has a better view of our home planet than most. From aboard the orbital laboratory he sees Earth in all its beauty and said of this image of the west coast of southern Africa:
Slide 20 of 86: Jewels don
Slide 21 of 86: On 30 September 2016, ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft came closer than ever to the target it had studied from afar for more than two years, concluding its mission with a controlled impact onto the surface of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P/C-G). With a suite of 11 scientific instruments on board, Rosetta collected an impressive amount of images and other data at this now iconic comet, scanning its surface, probing its interior, scrutinising the gas and dust in its surroundings, and exploring its plasma environment. Scientists have been using these measurements to advance our understanding of comets as well as of the history of our Solar System.
Slide 22 of 86: This computer graphic image provided by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) shows the Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout, or MASCOT, lander on the asteroid Ryugu. The Japanese unmanned spacecraft Hayabusa2 dropped the German-French observation device, MASCOT, on Wednesday, Oct. 3, 2018, to land on the asteroid as part of a research effort intended to find clues to the origin of the solar system. (JAXA via AP)
Slide 23 of 86: German astronaut Alexander Gerst sends a video message to participants of the 69th International Astronautical Congress (IAC) during its opening in Bremen, northwestern Germany, on October 1, 2018. - About 4,000 space actors from all over the world will come together during the congress that runs from October 1 to 5, 2018. (Photo by Mohssen Assanimoghaddam / dpa / AFP) / Germany OUT (Photo credit should read MOHSSEN ASSANIMOGHADDAM/AFP/Getty Images)
Slide 24 of 86: This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image contains a veritable mix of different galaxies, some of which belong to the same larger structure: At the middle of the frame sits the galaxy cluster SDSS J1050+0017. The gigantic mass of this cluster creates the fascinating phenomenon of strong ravitational lensing. The gravity of the cluster bends light coming from behind it in a similar way to how the base of a wine glass bends light. The effects of this lensing can be clearly seen as curved streaks forming a circular shape around the centre of the frame. Astronomers can use these distorted galaxies to calculate the mass of the cluster — including the mass of the dark matter within it — and to peer deeper into the Universe as otherwise possible. Gravitational lensing does not only distorts the views of galaxies, it also enlarge their appearance on the sky and magnifies their light. Hubble has viewed gravitational lensing many times, and produced truly stunning images. Astronomers even set up a dedicated programme to study different galaxy clusters which show a great number of lensed galaxies: The Frontier Fields programme. This way some of the most distant galaxies in the Universe were found. With each additional cluster being observed some more distant galaxies are added to this list, slowly completing our picture of how galaxies looked and evolved in the early Universe.
Slide 25 of 86: This chart shows the location of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field in the constellation of Fornax (The Furnace). The map shows most of the stars visible to the unaided eye under good conditions, and the region of sky shown in this image is indicated.
Slide 26 of 86: SDO observes the Sun in ten different wavelengths because each wavelength reveals different solar features. Here, we have selected two images taken at virtually the same time but in different wavelengths of extreme ultraviolet light. The red tinted image, which captures material not far above the Sun
Slide 27 of 86: Backdropped by the islands of New Zealand, astronaut Robert Curbeam Jr., left, and European Space Agency astronaut Christer Fuglesang of Sweden, participate in an STS-116 spacewalk on Dec. 12, 2006. The extravehicular activities in support of construction of the International Space Station were crucial in assembly of elements such as the truss segment delivered by the space shuttle Discovery.
Slide 28 of 86: NASA
Slide 29 of 86: The small, northern constellation Triangulum harbors this magnificent face-on spiral galaxy, M33. Its popular names include the Pinwheel Galaxy or just the Triangulum Galaxy. M33 is over 50,000 light-years in diameter, third largest in the Local Group of galaxies after the Andromeda Galaxy (M31), and our own Milky Way. About 3 million light-years from the Milky Way, M33 is itself thought to be a satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy and astronomers in these two galaxies would likely have spectacular views of each other
Slide 30 of 86: On 21 September 2018, 180 million miles from Earth, a roughly 1.5 square-metre cube descended towards a primitive space rock. After years of planning and 4 years in flight, this tiny spacecraft captured this ‘shadow selfie’ as it closed in on asteroid Ryugu, just 80 metres from the remnant of our Solar System’s formation, 4.6 billion years ago. The Hayabusa2 spacecraft is operated by the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA), supported in part by ESA
Slide 31 of 86: It is still not known why the Sun
Slide 32 of 86: This image was obtained by NASA
Slide 33 of 86: The Space Environmental Effects team at NASA
Slide 34 of 86: Artist’s impression of a dust storm on Titan. Researchers believe that huge amounts of dust can be raised on Titan, Saturn’s largest moon, by strong wind gusts that arise in powerful methane storms. Such methane storms, previously observed in images from the international Cassini spacecraft, can form above dune fields that cover the equatorial regions of this moon especially around the equinox, the time of the year when the Sun crosses the equator.
Slide 35 of 86: This image was acquired on July 22, 2018 by NASA
Slide 36 of 86: Ariane 5 rocket lifts off for it
Slide 37 of 86: The starboard truss with the newly-installed Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer-2 (AMS) on the International Space Station was photographed during STS-134 while space shuttle Endeavour was docked to the station.
Slide 38 of 86: An odd-shaped formation of gas and dust at the centre of the Milky Way, captured by the far-infrared cameras on board ESA’s Herschel space observatory. The nearly continuous strip of dense and cold clumps of material forms an infinity symbol, or sideways 8, that is a few hundred light years across. In this image, the strip twists around an invisible axis running roughly from the top left to the bottom right. The infinity-shaped loop, estimated to have a whopping 30 million solar masses, is made up of dense gas and dust at a temperature of just 15 degrees above absolute zero. Displayed in yellow in the image, it contrasts with warmer, less dense gas and dust from the centre of the Galaxy that appears inside the strip and is coloured in blue. Surrounding the loop is cool gas, painted in red-brownish tones. The ring and its surroundings harbour a number of star-forming regions and young stars, which stand out in bright-blue colour in the image. The area is part of the Central Molecular Zone, a region at the centre of the Milky Way permeated with molecular clouds, which are ideal sites for star formation. The Galactic Centre is located almost 30,000 light years away from the Sun, in the direction of the Sagittarius constellation. It is a complex and dynamic place, with emission nebulae and supernova remnants – in addition to star-forming molecular clouds – surrounding the supermassive black hole that sits at our Galaxy’s core. The gas and dust in this region appears mostly dark when viewed through an optical telescope, but it can be seen clearly with Herschel’s instruments. This image was captured by the Herschel’s PACS (Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer) and SPIRE (Spectral and Photometric Imaging REceiver) far-infrared cameras, and it was first published in 2011. Obtained as part of Hi-GAL, the Herschel infrared Galactic Plane Survey, it combines observations at three different wavelengths: 70 microns (blue), 160 microns (green) and 250 microns (red).
Slide 39 of 86: The first data from RainCube, a tiny weather satellite. RainCube is a prototype for a possible fleet of future small satellite missions that can track precipitation from space. RainCube
Slide 40 of 86: ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst took this image of Typhoon Trami on 25 September 2018, 400 km high from the International Space Station. He commented:
Slide 41 of 86: RainCube was deployed into low-Earth orbit from the International Space Station in July, 2018, where it has been measuring rain and snowfall from space. The size of the tiny weather satellite can be seen in comparison to the Space Station. RainCube is a prototype for a possible fleet of small satellites that could one day help monitor severe storms, lead to improving the accuracy of weather forecasts and track climate change over time. A closer look at these images reveals there are two CubeSats very close together -- RainCube is the bottom CubeSat closer to Earth, while the one above it is HaloSat, used to map the distribution of hot gas in the Milky Way.
Slide 42 of 86: This compilation of images from nine Cassini flybys of Titan in 2009 and 2010 captures three instances when clear bright spots suddenly appeared in images taken by the spacecraft’s Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer. The brightenings were only visible for a short period of time – between 11 hours to five Earth weeks – and cannot be seen in previous or subsequent images. By analysing the infrared spectra of these images, researchers found that these spots were most likely large clouds of dust raised from Titan’s dune fields. It is the first time that dust storms have been observed on Titan, making this intriguing moon of Saturn only the third body in the Solar System featuring an active dust cycle, after the Earth and Mars.
Slide 43 of 86: This image was obtained by NASA
Slide 44 of 86: The Copernicus Sentinel-2A satellite takes us over the largest island of the Azores: São Miguel. Resting at the intersection of the Eurasian, African and North American tectonic plates, the Azores form a string of volcanic islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, some 1500 km west of mainland Portugal. The nine major islands are divided into three groups, with São Miguel falling into the eastern group. The archipelago is an autonomous region of Portugal and home to just under 250 000 people. We can see the capital of the region, Ponta Delgada, in the bottom left of the image. The main transport hub of the Azores, João Paulo II de Ponta Delgada International Airport, is clearly visible in the same part of the image. Tourism is an important industry for the islands, with visitors flocking to enjoy the unspoilt beaches and breathtaking landscapes, from the geysers of São Miguel to the natural waterfalls of Flores. Known locally as the Green Island, São Miguel is the most populous of the islands and amidst the lush foliage, volcanic craters, and freshwater lakes, visitors are spoilt for choice when it comes to visual attractions. The largest freshwater lake in the Azores, Lagoa das Sete Cidades, can be seen in the top left of the image. It lies in a large volcanic crater and consists of two lakes: Lagoa Azul and Lagoa Verde. On the right of the image we can see Furnas Lake, in the Furnas Valley, famous for its volcanic cones. The volcanic landscape of the island has even influenced local cooking methods. Cozido das Furnas, a stew-type dish, is prepared by lowering a pot filled with meat and vegetables into the hot springs dotted around the valley, and leaving it to cook for around five hours. The Azores islands are rich in terms of flora and fauna, and are home to a large number of resident and migratory bird populations. Efforts are being made to restore and expand the laurel forests typical of the Macaronesian islands (an area covering the archipelagos of Madeira, Azores, Canary Islands and Cape Verde) as only around 2% of the native laurel forest remains on the islands. ESA, in collaboration with the French Space Agency, CNES, is organising a symposium on 25 years of progress in radar altimetry, which will be held in Ponta Delgada from 24–29 September. With global sea-level rise a global concern, the symposium will focus on the advances made in our understanding of the open ocean, the cryosphere, and coastal and land processes. The annual meeting of the Ocean Surface Topography Science Team and the International DORIS Service Workshop will also be held in the same week.
Slide 45 of 86: In the northern constellation of Coma Berenices (Berenice
Slide 46 of 86: ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst captured this image of sand dunes from the International Space Station while traveling over southwest Africa.
Slide 47 of 86: This fulldome image, used for planetarium shows, features some of the many telescopes located on La Silla. The Milky Way galaxy streaks across the upper part of the image. Links Equirectagular projected version Extended to 360x180 degrees (with black) version of the image
Slide 48 of 86: INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION (ISS) POST STS-120 MISSION; Back dropped by the blackness of space and Earth
Slide 49 of 86: This animation combines the TEMPEST-D (Temporal Experiment for Storms and Tropical Systems Demonstration) data with a visual image of the storm from NOAA
Slide 50 of 86: DCIM\100DRIFT; Time lapse view taken through a window in the Kibo laboratory module. The International Space Station
Slide 51 of 86: This image, taken on 27 January 2018 during orbit 17813 by the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) on ESA’s Mars Express, shows a portion of the Cerberus Fossae system in Elysium Planitia near the martian equator. The image was created using data from the nadir channel, the field of view which is aligned perpendicular to the surface of Mars, and the colour channels of the HRSC. The ground resolution is approximately 16 m/pixel and the images are centred at about 159°E/10°N.
Slide 52 of 86: The International Space Station serves as humanity
Slide 53 of 86: In just about seven hours, the SDO spacecraft saw the moon transit the Sun two times (Sept. 9-10, 2018). Transits occur when an object passes between a larger body and the viewer. The first transit lasted about an hour and covered 92 percent of the Sun at its peak. The second transit lasted about 50 minutes and covered just 34 percent of the Sun at its peak. The Moon appears to go in one direction in the first transit and the opposite direction in the second. This is because the SDO spacecraft orbits around Earth, moving in the same direction as the Moon but faster. On the first transit it catches up with and passes the Moon. As SDO swings back around the far side of Earth, it encounters the Moon again from the far side of Earth, where it appears to travel in the opposite direction.
Slide 54 of 86: A collage of photographs taken during the solar eclipse that took place on 21 August 2017. photo released on Sept. 18.
Slide 55 of 86: Cosmic dust clouds and young, energetic stars inhabit this telescopic vista, less than 500 light-years away toward the northern boundary of Corona Australis, the Southern Crown. The dust clouds effectively block light from more distant background stars in the Milky Way. But the striking complex of reflection nebulae cataloged as NGC 6726, 6727, and IC 4812 produce a characteristic color as blue light from the region
Slide 56 of 86: The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) took this snapshot of the Large Magellanic Cloud (right) and the bright star R Doradus (left) with just a single detector of one of its cameras on Tuesday, Aug. 7. The frame is part of a swath of the southern sky TESS captured in its “first light” science image as part of its initial round of data collection.
Slide 57 of 86: The final United Launch Alliance Delta II rocket climbs upward after launching from Space Launch Complex 2 at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, on Sept. 15, 2018, carrying NASA
Slide 58 of 86: Just over a month into its mission, NASA
Slide 59 of 86: Something small and green recently flittered across our skies. On 10 September, comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner made its closest approach to the Sun in 72 years — 151 million km from our star and just 58.6 million km away from Earth (about a third of the distance from here to the Sun). Discovered in 1900, this small comet reappears every 6.6 years. At just two km in diameter, 21P’s cometary tail contains a stream of ‘cometary crumbs’, and as Earth moves through this stream of debris it creates the Draconid meteor shower which peaks every year around 8 October. Comets are leftovers of the formation of the Solar System, and while they are typically less dense than asteroids they pass Earth at relatively higher speeds, meaning the impact energy of a comet’s nucleus is slightly larger than that of a similar-sized asteroid. Although no comet is conclusively known to have impacted Earth, there are many proponents of the theory that a fragment of Comet Encke — a periodic comet that orbits the Sun every 3.3 years — resulted in one of the most well-known impact events in our planet’s history. In 1930, the British astronomer F.J.W. Whipple suggested that the Tunguska event of 1908 — in which an explosion over Eastern Siberia Taiga flattened 2000 square km of forest — was in fact the result of a cometary impact. No impact crater was ever found, and glowing skies were reported across Europe for several evenings after the event, both supporting the notion that a comet, composed of dust and volatiles — such as water ice and frozen gases — could have been completely vaporised as it smashed into Earth’s atmosphere leaving no obvious trace. In order to better understand the risk that asteroids and comets pose to our planet, we need to better understand their orbit and composition. Missions such as Rosetta — the first spacecraft to orbit a comet’s nucleus — play a vital role in deepening our understanding of the objects in our Solar System that could pose some risk. ESA’s planned Hera mission to a binary asteroid to test asteroid deflection will be an important step in doing something about them.
Slide 60 of 86: Workers prepare the United Launch Alliance (ULA) Delta II rocket, with the NASA Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) onboard, for launch on September 14, 2018 at Vandenberg Air Force Base in Lompoc, California.
Slide 61 of 86: The stunning Milky Way over ALMA Central Array in Chile.
Slide 62 of 86: Like ghostly apparitions against a patch of blue, a C-17 aircraft and a mock Orion spacecraft are seen in the sky over Yuma, Arizona on Wednesday, Sept. 18, 2018. The mock Orion was pulled out from the aircraft
Slide 63 of 86: This image shows the south-facing rim of a pit crater at 68°S in the Sisyphi Planum region of Mars. It is a colour composite made from images acquired on 2 September 2018 by the Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System, CaSSIS, onboard the joint ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, when the southern hemisphere of Mars was in late spring. Most striking are the bright residual carbon dioxide ice deposits on south-facing slopes of the crater. In colder months carbon dioxide and some water vapour freezes on the surface. Then, as the Sun gets higher in the sky again, the ice sublimates away, revealing the underlying surface. This particular crater is known to have active gullies – small, incised networks of narrow channels at the rim of the crater that are associated with debris flows. Ice-rich landslide-like flows of material down-slope can be seen in this image – perhaps related to the ‘defrosting’ of the ice as the seasons change. Seasonal changes of ices and frost on Mars is one aspect of the ExoMars orbiter’s mission being discussed this week at the European Planetary Science Congress, a major European annual meeting on planetary science, this year hosted by the Technische Universität Berlin Germany. The image measures 20 x 8 km and the resolution is 4.5 m/pixel. North is 45° on the upper left. The image was taken at 07:22 AM local solar time and assembled from the RED, PAN and BLU filters.
Slide 64 of 86: This image shows a dwarf galaxy in the southern constellation of Phoenix named, for obvious reasons, the Phoenix Dwarf. The Phoenix Dwarf is unique in that it cannot be classified according to the usual scheme for dwarf galaxies; while its shape would label it as a spheroidal dwarf galaxy — which do not contain enough gas to form new stars — studies have shown the galaxy to have an associated cloud of gas nearby, hinting at recent star formation, and a population of young stars. The gas cloud does not lie within the galaxy itself, but is still gravitationally bound to it — meaning that it will eventually fall back into the galaxy over time. Since the cloud is close by, it’s likely that the process that flung it outwards it is still ongoing. After studying the shape of the gas cloud, astronomers suspect the most likely cause of the ejection to be supernova explosions within the galaxy. The data to create this image was selected from the ESO archive as part of the Hidden Treasure competition.
Slide 65 of 86: Visitors to the ESO Supernova Planetarium & Visitor Centre admire the International Space Station.
Slide 66 of 86: In this NOAA satellite handout image captured at 7:45 a.m. ET, shows Hurricane Florence as it made landfall near Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina on September 14, 2018. The National Hurricane Center reported Florence had sustained winds of 90 mph at landfall and was moving slowly westward at 6 mph.
Slide 67 of 86: Gravity is so much a part of our daily lives that it is all too easy to forget its awesome power — but on a galactic scale, its power becomes both strikingly clear and visually stunning. This image was taken with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) and shows an object named SDSS J1138+2754. It acts as a gravitational lens illustrates the true strength of gravity: A large mass — a galaxy cluster in this case — is creating such a strong gravitational field that it is bending the very fabric of its surroundings. This causes the billion-year-old light from galaxies sitting behind it to travel along distorted, curved paths, transforming the familiar shapes of spirals and ellipticals (visible in other parts of the image) into long, smudged arcs and scattered dashes. Some distant galaxies even appear multiple times in this image. Since galaxies are wide objects, light from one side of the galaxy passes through the gravitational lens differently than light from the other side. When the galaxies’ light reaches Earth it can appear reflected, as seen with the galaxy on the lower left part of the lens, or distorted, as seen with the galaxy to the upper right. This data were taken as part of a research project on star formation in the distant Universe, building on Hubble’s extensive legacy of deep-field images. Hubble observed 73 gravitationally-lensed galaxies for this project.
Slide 68 of 86: The Copernicus Sentinel-1B satellite takes us over Semera in northeast Ethiopia. Semera is a new town with a population of just over 2600 and serves as the capital of the Afar region. The region spans an estimated 270 000 sq km, from close to the border with Eritrea towards the capital of Addis Ababa. We can see the regional capital in the top right of this false-colour image, with the larger urban centre of Dubti just south of the town. Both are found in the Great Rift Valley, which lies between the Ethiopian Plateau and the Somalia Plateau. The landscape of the Afar region is characterised by desert shrubland and volcanoes, particularly in the north. In this image we can see differences in altitude represented in the variations in colour. The left part of the image is dominated by yellow, signifying changes in vegetation found at higher altitudes. Two lakes, Hayk Lake and Hardibo Lake, are shown in the bottom left. South of Dubti we can see the Awash River, which flows into the northern salt lakes rather than into the sea. Salt trade is typical of the area, whilst cotton is grown in the Awash River valley. Maize, beans, papaya and bananas are also cultivated in the Afar region. It is thought that 90% of the region’s population lead a pastoral life, rearing animals such as camels, sheep and donkeys. Dallol, to the north of Semera in Ethiopia’s Danakil Depression, is frequently cited as one of the hottest inhabited places on Earth. Lying 125 m below sea level, with temperatures in the spectacular hydrothermal fields averaging 34.4 °C year-round, and the area receiving just 100–200 mm rainfall a year, conditions are thought to be amongst the most inhospitable in the world. Sentinel-1B was launched in April 2016, carrying an advanced radar instrument to provide an all-weather, day-and-night supply of imagery of Earth’s surface. Along with Sentinel-1A, which was launched in April 2014, the mission benefits numerous services, including monitoring land-surface for motion risks and mapping to support crisis situations. This image, which was captured on 5 April 2018, is also featured on the Earth from Space video programme.
Slide 69 of 86: Inside the Cocoon Nebula is a newly developing cluster of stars. The cosmic Cocoon on the upper right also punctuates a long trail of obscuring interstellar dust clouds to its left. Cataloged as IC 5146, the beautiful nebula is nearly 15 light-years wide, located some 3,300 light years away toward the northern constellation of the Swan (Cygnus). Like other star forming regions, it stands out in red, glowing, hydrogen gas excited by young, hot stars and blue, dust-reflected starlight at the edge of a nearly invisible molecular cloud. In fact, the bright star near the center of this nebula is likely only a few hundred thousand years old, powering the nebular glow as it slowly clears out a cavity in the molecular cloud
Slide 70 of 86: The Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) team at NASA
Slide 71 of 86: India
Slide 72 of 86: After snagging a new rock sample on Aug. 9, NASA
Slide 73 of 86: A view from inside the planetarium at the ESO Supernova Planetarium & Visitor Centre, which opened its doors to the public on Saturday 28 April 2018. The building is open five days a week and features planetarium screenings, tours and a permanent exhibition in both German and English. The 360-degree tilted planetarium dome does not just give the audience the sensation of watching the Universe, but of being immersed in it. The Sun rises - not over the horizon as we see it on Earth, but over the curve of the Earth itself.
Slide 74 of 86: This composite image, taken by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope on 6 June 2018, shows the ringed planet Saturn with six of its 62 known moons. From left to right, the moons visible in this image are Dione, Enceladus, Tethys, Janus, Epimetheus, and Mimas. The moons seen here are all icy and cratered. Enceladus is considered a candidate for the existence of primitive life because it is outgassing water vapour from a subsurface ocean. Based on data from the Cassini mission to Saturn, scientists hypothesise that a small, wayward moon like one of these disintegrated 200 million years ago to form Saturn’s ring system. The image is a composite because the moons move during the Saturn exposures, and individual frames must be realigned to make a colour portrait.
Slide 75 of 86: The Copernicus Sentinel-3A satellite takes us over the North Sea, revealing a significant algae bloom covering most of the southern part. One of Europe
Slide 76 of 86: ESO’s La Silla Observatory, situated in northern Chile, offers the resident telescopes unrivalled views of both the cosmos and the region’s barren, but beautiful landscape.
Slide 77 of 86: The world is on fire. Or so it appears in this image from NASA
Slide 78 of 86: The Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) team at NASA
Slide 79 of 86: FORS2, an instrument mounted on ESO’s Very Large Telescope captured the spiral galaxy NGC 3981 in all its glory. The image, captured during the ESO Cosmic Gems Programme, showcases the beauty of the southern skies when conditions don’t allow scientific observations to be made.
Slide 80 of 86: The suborbital rocket SQX-1Z carrying three CubeSats blasts off from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center on September 5, 2018 in Jiuquan, Gansu Province of China. Beijing-based private rocket developer iSpace on Wednesday sent a suborbital rocket SQX-1Z in Jiuquan, which will provide minisatellite and constellation launch services for clients. (Photo by Yang Xiaobo/China News Service/VCG via Getty Images)
Slide 81 of 86: The little-known nebula IRAS 05437+2502 billows out among the bright stars and dark dust clouds that surround it in this striking image from the Hubble Space Telescope. It is located in the constellation of Taurus (the Bull), close to the central plane of our Milky Way galaxy. Unlike many of Hubble’s targets, this object has not been studied in detail and its exact nature is unclear. At first glance it appears to be a small, rather isolated region of star formation, and one might assume that the effects of fierce ultraviolet radiation from bright, young stars probably were the cause of the eye-catching shapes of the gas. However, the bright, boomerang-shaped feature may tell a more dramatic tale. The interaction of a high-velocity young star with the cloud of gas and dust may have created this unusually sharp-edged, bright arc. Such a reckless star would have been ejected from the distant young cluster where it was born and would travel at 200,000 kilometers per hour (124,000 miles per hour) or more through the nebula.
Slide 82 of 86: Image from ESO Supernova planetarium show The Sun, Our Living Star showing how the Sun will look at the end of its life, when it becomes a red giant star.
Slide 83 of 86: This greyscale, mottled image shows a patch of the Moon’s surface, and features an intriguing shape towards the top of the frame. This was actually made by a spacecraft – it marks the final resting place of ESA’s SMART-1 (Small Missions for Advanced Research in Technology-1). Launched in 2003, SMART-1 was a Moon-orbiting probe that observed our cosmic companion for roughly three years. On 3 September 2006 the mission’s operations came to an end and the spacecraft was sent down to deliberately crash into the Moon, bouncing and grazing across the lunar surface at a speed of two kilometres per second and achieving Europe’s first lunar touchdown.
Slide 84 of 86: In August 2018, long, narrow clouds stood out against the backdrop of marine clouds blanketing much of the North Pacific Ocean. Known as ship tracks, the distinctive clouds form when water vapor condenses around the tiny particles emitted by ships in their exhaust. Ship tracks typically form in areas where thin, low-lying stratus and cumulus clouds are present. Some particles generated by ships (especially sulfates) are soluble in water and serve as the seeds around which cloud droplets form. Clouds infused with ship exhaust have more and smaller droplets than unpolluted clouds. As a result, the light hitting the polluted clouds scatters in many directions, making them appear especially bright and thick. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Aqua captured this natural-color image of several ship tracks extending northward on August 26, 2018. The clouds were located about 1,000 kilometers (600 miles) west of the California-Oregon border. Similar environmental conditions also triggered the formation of ship tracks in this part of the Pacific on August 27 and 28. An analysis of one year of satellite observations from the Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) on the European Space Agency’s Enivisat indicates that very low clouds are most often present off the west coasts of North and South America.
Slide 85 of 86: Intricate swirls in Jupiter
Slide 86 of 86: A truck sprays water to reduce the dust as NASA
第1页，共86页：MISR捕获飓风迈克尔在佛罗里达州狭长地带附近

 

下一张幻灯片全屏

1/86幻灯片 ©NASA / GSFC / LaRC / JPL-Caltech，MISR团队

飓风迈克尔

MISR携带九个固定在不同角度的摄像机，每个摄像机在10月9日星期二佛罗里达西海岸附近观看迈克尔大约七分钟。

来自九个视图的图像用于计算云顶的高度，并且视图之间的云的运动提供关于风速和风向的信息。该合成图像显示了从中央向下指向的相机(左)，计算的云顶高度(中间)和叠加在图像上的风速矢量(右)的视图。箭头的长度与风速成正比，颜色以千米为单位显示云顶的高度。

国家飓风中心在周三当地时间中午前以150英里/小时(240公里/小时)的速度为迈克尔的持续风速提供了时间。预计将给东南部大部分地区带来强风，风暴潮和大雨。

更为雄心勃勃的尝试，Znamya 2.5，于1999年制造，引发了对光污染破坏夜间动物和天文观测的先发制人的担忧。波恩技术部发言人不太关心，他告诉“卫报”，“四月愚人节笑话有点早，但这听起来像是一个”。

但Znamya 2.5在发布时失误，其创作者未能为另一次尝试筹集资金。

人民日报很快就向那些担心假月对夜间野生动物的影响的人们保证。

它引用哈尔滨工业大学航空航天学院光学研究所所长康伟民的话说，他“解释说卫星的光线与黄昏般的光相似，所以它不应该影响动物的常规”。


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