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主要气候报告描述了早在2040年就存在的强大危机风险

      日期:2018-10-08 10:59:05
导读:©Noah Berger Associated Press 上个月加利福尼亚州Shasta-Trinity国家森林的一场野火。新的IPCC研究发现,如果不采取措施抑制气候变化,野火可能会恶化。韩国仁川 - 联合国气候变化科学小组的一份

©Noah Berger / Associated Press 上个月加利福尼亚州Shasta-Trinity国家森林的一场野火。新的IPCC研究发现,如果不采取措施抑制气候变化,野火可能会恶化。韩国仁川 - 联合国气候变化科学小组的一份具有里程碑意义的报告描绘了气候变化的直接后果远比以前想象的更为可怕,并说避免损害需要以一定的速度和规模改变世界经济“没有记载的历史先例”。

该报告由政府间气候变化专门委员会于周一发布,该委员会由联合国召集,指导世界各国领导人,描述了一个日益严重的粮食短缺和野火,以及大规模死亡的珊瑚礁。 2040年 - 在全球大部分人口的生命周期内。

报告“非常震惊,非常令人担忧”,此前IPCC报告的作者,非营利组织Climate Analytics的物理学家Bill Hare说。“几年前我们还没有意识到这一点。”该报告是世界各国领导人根据巴黎协议委托的第一份报告,该协议是2015年各国应对全球变暖的协议。

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作者发现,如果温室气体排放继续保持目前的速度,到2040年,大气层将比工业化前的水平高出2.7华氏度(1.5摄氏度),淹没海岸线,加剧干旱和贫困。如果平均温度上升了3.6华氏度(2摄氏度),之前的工作重点是估计损害,因为这是科学家此前考虑的气候变化最严重影响的门槛。

然而,新报告显示,其中许多影响将更快地达到2.7度。

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作者表示,避免最严重的损害需要在短短几年内改变世界经济,他估计损失将达到54万亿美元。但是,虽然他们得出的结论是,在技术上可以实现避免2.7度变暖所需的快速变化,但他们承认在政治上可能不太可能。

例如,报告称需要征收重税或二氧化碳排放价格 - 到2100年每吨高达27,000美元。但在美国这个全球最大的经济体和仅次于中国的第二大温室气体排放国,这种举动在政治上几乎是不可能的。世界各地的立法者,包括中国,欧盟和 加利福尼亚州已经制定了碳定价计划。

特朗普总统嘲笑人类造成的气候变化科学,他发誓要增加煤炭燃烧,并表示他打算退出巴黎协议。周日,在世界第七大温室气体排放国巴西,选民们似乎正在选举新总统Jair Bolsonaro,他说他也计划退出协议。

 

 

 

©Damir Sagolj / Reuters 2016年中国河北省一条烟雾缭绕的街道上的人们。中国是最大的温室气体排放国,其次是美国。该报告由来自40个国家的91位科学家编写和编辑,他们分析了6000多项科学研究。巴黎协议的目的是防止升温超过3.6度工业化前水平 - 长期以来被视为气候变化造成的最严重社会和经济损失的门槛。但担心海平面上升的小岛屿国家元首也要求科学家研究2.7度变暖的影响。

报告显示,如果没有采取激进行动,预计未来几十年的许多影响将在2040年到来,而在较低温度下。牛津大学气候科学家,该报告的作者迈尔斯艾伦说:“这告诉我们,我们需要扭转排放趋势,将世界经济转变为一角钱。”

报告称,为了防止2.7度的变暖,到2030年温室污染必须比2010年减少45%,到2050年减少100%。它还发现,到2050年,煤炭作为电力源的使用必须下降从今天的近40%到1%到7%。风能和太阳能等可再生能源占当今电力组合的20%左右,必须增加到67%。

 

 

 

©Kevin Frayer / Getty Images 世界煤炭协会对阻止全球变暖的结论提出异议,要求终止煤炭使用。“这份报告清楚地说明:没有摆脱煤炭就没有办法减缓气候变化,”杜克大学的气候科学家,该报告的作者德鲁辛德尔说。

世界煤炭协会对停止全球变暖的结论提出异议,要求终止煤炭使用。临时首席执行官凯蒂•沃里克(Katie Warrick)在一份声明中指出,全球分析组织国际能源署(International Energy Agency)的预测“在可预见的未来将继续看到煤炭的作用”。

瓦里克女士说,她的组织打算为政府投资碳捕集技术。这种技术目前对于商业用途而言太昂贵,可能使煤继续被广泛使用。

画廊:受气候变化威胁的动物(组图)

 

 
 
 
 
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幻灯片32 of 34:标题:亚洲水牛与长角和滑稽的舌头在草背景和复制空间。
Slide 33 of 34:说明:这些极度濒危的海豹沿着夏威夷海岸线过着相当孤独的生活。 -Maui,HI
幻灯片34 of 34:标题:埃塞俄比亚狼,(Canis simensis),贝尔山脉国家公园,埃塞俄比亚。
Slide 1 of 34:可爱的熊猫爬在树上; 标题:加拉帕戈斯企鹅

 

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1/34幻灯片 ©Hung_Chung_Chih / Getty Images; jmmf / Getty Images

从北极熊到大象,从青蛙到袋熊,在世界各地,气候变化正在威胁着几种陆生和海洋动物的存在。这些生物因栖息地消失,海洋变暖,干旱和野火而受到严重打击。查看一些这些濒临灭绝的动物。

所有数据均来自国际自然保护联盟(IUCN),并于2018年4月13日更正。

尽管存在有争议的政策影响,美国代表团周六加入了180多个国家,接受了报告对政策制定者的总结,同时走上了一条微妙的外交路线。美国国务院的一份声明称,“专家组接受本报告并不意味着美国认可该报告的具体调查结果或基本内容。”

国务院代表团面临一个难题。拒绝批准该文件将使美国与许多国家发生冲突,并表明它拒绝在世界舞台上建立的学术科学。然而,该代表团还代表一位拒绝气候科学和气候政策的总统。

声明说:“我们重申,美国打算尽早退出巴黎协议,但没有确定对美国人民有利的条件。”

该报告试图对气候变化的影响进行定价。报告发现,如果世界继续升温3.6度甚至更高,估计由2.7度升温造成的54万亿美元的损失将增加到69万亿美元,尽管它没有具体说明这些费用所代表的时间长度。

 

 

 

©Brook Mitchell / Getty Images 6岁的哈里泰勒在澳大利亚新南威尔士州的家庭农场里玩死了牲畜的骨头,这个地区面临着严重的干旱。该报告的结论是,世界已经超过了2.7度的一半。报告发现,自19世纪50年代左右开始大规模工业燃煤以来,人类活动已导致大约1.8度的变暖。

美国并不是唯一一个未能减少排放以防止气候变化最严重影响的国家。该报告的结论是,根据巴黎协议提出的温室气体减排承诺不足以避免3.6度的变暖。

该报告强调了税收对二氧化碳排放的潜在作用。报告总结道:“碳价格是促进缓解的关键。” 据估计,到2030年,每吨二氧化碳污染的价格必须在135美元到5,500美元之间,到2100年每吨的价格从690美元到27,000美元不等。

相比之下,在奥巴马政府的领导下,政府经济学家估计碳的适当价格将在每吨50美元的范围内。在特朗普政府执政期间,这一数字降至每吨约7美元。

 

 

 

©Doug Mills /纽约时报 总统特朗普发誓要增加煤炭燃烧,并表示他打算退出巴黎协议。由自由主义亿万富翁查尔斯和大卫科赫资助的政治倡导组织“繁荣美国人”(American for Prosperity)提出了反对支持碳税的政治家的竞选活动。

“碳税是政治毒药,因为它们提高了汽油价格和电价,”负责华盛顿研究机构竞争企业研究所竞争企业研究所能源项目的负责人迈伦·埃贝尔说,他领导了特朗普政府在环境保护方面的转变。机构。

该报告详述了政府未能制定减排政策所预期的经济损失。它说,美国每增加1.8度,就会损失约1.2%的国内生产总值。

此外,它说,美国与孟加拉国,中国,埃及,印度,印度尼西亚,日本,菲律宾 和 越南 是 如果发生2.7度的变暖,那么到2040年将受到沿海洪水增加影响的5000万人的家园。

在3.6度的变暖情况下,该报告预测来自热带地区的人们“不成比例地迅速撤离”。“在世界的某些地方,国界将变得无关紧要,”印度人类住区研究所所长,该报告的作者Aromar Revi说。“你可以设置一堵墙,试图遏制10,000到20,000和100万人,但不是1000万人。”

画廊:31张照片展示了塑料如何污染我们的星球(照片)

 

 
 
 
 
Slide 5 of 31: Pakistani rag pickers collect recyclable materials from plastic bags at a garbage dump in Karachi on May 14, 2018. (Photo by RIZWAN TABASSUM / AFP)        (Photo credit should read RIZWAN TABASSUM/AFP/Getty Images)
Slide 6 of 31: TOPSHOT - A scavenger search for items amidst debris and plastic waste washed out from a river on May 23, 2017 near the Ivorian capital, Abidjan. / AFP PHOTO / ISSOUF SANOGO        (Photo credit should read ISSOUF SANOGO/AFP/Getty Images)
Slide 7 of 31: Mandatory Credit: Photo by DANIEL IRUNGU/EPA-EFE/REX/Shutterstock (9693318g) A volunteer collects plastic waste during a clean-up exercise organised by UN Environment near the Nairobi Dam in Kibera slum, Nairobi, Kenya, 25 May 2018. A clean-up and tree-planting event hosted by UN Environment brought together some one thousand volunteers to clean up the Kibera slum. A ban on plastic bags came into effect in Kenya on 28 August 2017, making the manufacturing, selling or even using of them illegal. Those found in violation could face four-year imprisonment or fines of up to 38 thousand US dollars. Clean-up and tree-planting in Kibera slums by UN Environment, Nairobi, Kenya - 25 May 2018
Slide 8 of 31: A man searches through waste at the Ngong town dumping site, 30 kilometres southwest of Nairobi, on August 24, 2017.
A ban on plastic bags came into force in Kenya on August 28, 217 in a bid to slow pollution, with offenders liable to jail time or hefty fines. The ban on the use, manufacture and importation of plastic carrier bags was carried through after the High Court threw out a challenge brought by importers who claim jobs will be lost and livelihoods threatened. In Kenya, road verges are commonly covered with discarded plastic bags and trees festooned with them, they block drains and are ingested by animals, including livestock such as cows and goats. / AFP PHOTO / SIMON MAINA        (Photo credit should read SIMON MAINA/AFP/Getty Images)
Slide 9 of 31: Mandatory Credit: Photo by MADE NAGI/EPA-EFE/REX/Shutterstock (9626368c) A general view shows plastic waste that washed ashore following strong waves on Sanur beach in Bali, Indonesia, 12 April 2018. Plastic Waste on Sanur beach in Bali, Denpasar, Indonesia - 12 Apr 2018
Slide 10 of 31: Indonesia. Bali. Seminyak. Beach. Pollution After A Storm. (Photo by: Marka/UIG via Getty Images)
Slide 11 of 31: CLIFFE, KENT - JANUARY 02:  Plastics and other detritus line the shore of the Thames Estuary on January 2, 2018 in Cliffe, Kent. Tons of plastic and other waste lines areas along the Thames Estuary shoreline, an important feeding ground for wading birds and other marine wildlife. According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), at current rates of pollution, there will likely be more plastic in the sea than fish by 2050. In December 2017 Britain joined the other 193 UN countries and signed up to a resolution to help eliminate marine litter and microplastics in the sea. It is estimated that about eight million metric tons of plastic find their way into the world
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Slide 13 of 31: Contents of a refuse sack show plastic items collected by participants taking part in a beach clean-up on Hong Kong
Slide 14 of 31: PISA, ITALY - MAY 24:  A view of bales of Plasmix ready to be recycled including the plastic waste collected by the fishermen during the operations of
Slide 15 of 31: Mandatory Credit: Photo by Harald Wenzel-Orf/imageBROKER/REX/Shutterstock (9425237a) Garbage on street, Adrano, Province of Catania, Sicily, Italy VARIOUS
Slide 16 of 31: A Bangladeshi woman arranges plastic bags to dry and recycle in Dhaka on May 14, 2018. (Photo by Munir UZ ZAMAN / AFP)        (Photo credit should read MUNIR UZ ZAMAN/AFP/Getty Images)
Slide 17 of 31: SOTRA, HORDLAND, NORWAY - 2018/04/25: Huge amounts of plastic and fishing waste are seen on a boat for transporting the sacks of waste during a beach clean off the coast of Norway.
Around 150 volunteers from 12 countries attended the Plastic Whale Heritage beach cleaning event in Norway.  The event took place in 6 bays on the islands off the coast of Sotra, coming off the back of the 1 year anniversary of the Cuviers Beaked whale which was found to have several kilos of plastic inside it
Slide 18 of 31: Mandatory Credit: Photo by Valentin Wolf/imageBROKER/REX/Shutterstock (9432985a) Trash strewn on Long Beach, Sok San Village, Koh Rong Island, Krong Preah Sihanouk, Sihanoukville, Cambodia VARIOUS
Slide 19 of 31: This picture taken on May 9, 2018 shows pile of plastic garbage occupying a canal in Phnom Penh. (Photo by TANG CHHIN Sothy / AFP)        (Photo credit should read TANG CHHIN SOTHY/AFP/Getty Images)
Slide 20 of 31: BERLIN, GERMANY - MAY 29: Discarded plastic food and drink packaging lies in a makeshift fireplace on a beach along the Spree River in the city center on May 29, 2018 in Berlin, Germany. Europe is struggling to combat plastics pollution in its waterways and seas. Yesterday it announced it will seek to ban the use of certain common plastic items, including plastic cutlery, straws, plates, swabs and fishing gear.  (Photo by Sean Gallup/Getty Images)
Slide 21 of 31: In this picture taken on May 16, 2018, plastic bottles are seen at a waste centre in Beijing. (Photo by NICOLAS ASFOURI / AFP)        (Photo credit should read NICOLAS ASFOURI/AFP/Getty Images)
Slide 22 of 31: This picture taken on May 13, 2018 shows plastic waste  washed ashore on the coastal strip of Shanghai. (Photo by Johannes EISELE / AFP)        (Photo credit should read JOHANNES EISELE/AFP/Getty Images)
Slide 23 of 31: TOPSHOT - In this picture taken on May 18, 2018, a Vietnamese woman gathers shells in a coastal forest littered with plastic waste stuck in branches after it was washed up by rising coastal tide in Thanh Hoa province, around 150 kilometres south of Hanoi. (Photo by Nhac NGUYEN / AFP)        (Photo credit should read NHAC NGUYEN/AFP/Getty Images)
Slide 24 of 31: Piles of plastic waste are pictured on the seaside in the coastal town of Khalde, south of the Lebanese capital Beirut, on September 22, 2016. / AFP PHOTO / JOSEPH EID        (Photo credit should read JOSEPH EID/AFP/Getty Images)
Slide 25 of 31: Mandatory Credit: Photo by WAEL HAMZEH/EPA-EFE/REX/Shutterstock (9695325c) Empty plastic bottles and floating trash are seen in the coastline of the Mediterranean Sea in Beirut, Lebanon, 28 May 2018. Plastic bottles pollute waters off  Beirut, Lebanon - 28 May 2018
Slide 26 of 31: In this photograph taken on May 6, 2018, egrets gather in a garbage dump at Kathirana, on the outskirts of Sri Lanka
Slide 27 of 31: TOPSHOT - An Afghan woman walks next to a pile of trash full of plastic bags in Kabul on May 6, 2018. (Photo by DOMINIQUE FAGET / AFP)        (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images)
Slide 28 of 31: NAKHON PATHOM, THAILAND - AUGUST 4: Bottle caps are collected to be sent to another recycle factory for processing on August 4 ,2017 in Nakon Pathom, Thailand, They are made from high density polyethylene ( HDPE ). Indorama Ventures has 70 operating sites in 24 countries. In one year they estimate that they recycle 1.43 billion plastic bottles manufacturing the plastic into Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)  bottle flakes and post consumer recycle (PCR) for the textile market IPI -NPT chips are produced. According to a recent study published, Thailand along with China, Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam are on the list of the world
Slide 29 of 31: Plastic and glass waste lies on the ground during the Tamborrada on the Day of San Sebastian, in which people dressed as Napoleonic-era soldiers and cooks perform in a twenty-four-hour drum and wine barrel playing session, interspersed with eating and drinking, in the Basque coastal town of San Sebastian, Spain, January 20, 2018. REUTERS/Vincent West
Slide 30 of 31: Mandatory Credit: Photo by JIM LO SCALZO/EPA-EFE/REX/Shutterstock (9685865a) Plastic bottles are among the trash washing into the Tidal Basin on the eighth day of heavy rains in Washington, DC, USA 19 May 2018. The Potomac River, already 2 to 3 feet higher than normal, is not expected to crest until 20 May. Potomac River floods after heavy rains in DC, Washington, USA - 19 May 2018
Slide 31 of 31:FILE  - 在2018年2月2日这个星期三的档案照片中,当海鸥飞过该国最大的雅典郊区Fyli垃圾填埋场时,推土机推着大量垃圾。 英国政府正在计划就可能结束使用塑料吸管,饮料搅拌器和棉花芽的法案进行磋商,并敦促其他英联邦国家也禁止这种做法。 总理特蕾莎·梅在2018年4月19日星期四说,“塑料废物是世界面临的最大环境挑战之一。”(美联社照片/ Thanassis Stavrakis,档案)
幻灯片1 of 31:莫斯科地区,俄罗斯2018年2月20日:成堆的垃圾在Korgashino固体垃圾填埋场在Mytishchi镇,莫斯科郊外。Sergei Savostyanov / TASS(摄影:Sergei Savostyanov \ TASS via Getty Images)

 

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1/31 SLIDES ©Sergei Savostyanov \ TASS via Getty Images

每年6月5日举行的世界环境日是全球保护地球行动的号角。今年,全球主办国是印度,主题是“打败塑料污染:如果你不能使用它,拒绝它。”主题集中在一次性塑料破坏海洋生物,污染海洋和危害的不利结果。人类和动物的健康。

塑料对地球的景观产生了深远的影响,南太平洋的亨德森岛是塑料污染最严重的岛屿。科学家们发现,这个曾经被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产的岛屿现在已经散落着约3770万块塑料。

以下是其他一些不加选择地使用塑料对地球造成损害的地方。

该报告还发现,在政府未能避免变暖2.7度的情况下,另一种情况是可能的:世界可能超过该目标,升温超过3.6度,然后通过降低排放和部署碳的组合捕获技术,使温度回落到2.7度阈值以下。

报告发现,在这种情况下,一些损害将是不可逆转的。所有的珊瑚礁都会死亡。然而,一旦温度降温,在较热的情况下消失的海冰将会恢复。

“对于政府来说,超越目标然后再回到目标的想法很有吸引力,因为他们不必做出如此迅速的变化,”Shindell博士说。“但它有很多缺点。”

有关气候和环境的更多新闻,请在Twitter上关注@NYTClimate。


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