辽宁本土大型权威资讯网站  
  当前位置:首页 > 每日头条 > 正文

斯蒂芬霍金的最终科学论文阐明了黑洞信息悖论

      日期:2018-10-12 11:18:30
导读:长期以来,科学家们被一个谜团 - 黑洞信息悖论所困扰。它询问被吞入太空黑洞的物质会发生什么。当物质消失到一个洞中时,有关先前存在的东西的信息会在哪里发生?有可能它无可挽回地丢失了吗?或者它存储在某个地
长期以来,科学家们被一个谜团 - 黑洞信息悖论所困扰。

它询问被吞入太空黑洞的物质会发生什么。当物质“消失”到一个洞中时,有关先前存在的东西的信息会在哪里发生?有可能它无可挽回地丢失了吗?或者它存储在某个地方,如果是这样,这不会使一个黑洞与另一个黑洞不同吗?

现在,他们相信他们可能知道,或者至少他们可能有解决这个谜语的线索。英国剑桥大学和美国哈佛大学的研究人员在10月3日上传到arXiv预印本服务器并于10月9日更新的宇宙学家斯蒂芬霍金的同事的论文中称为“黑洞熵和软毛”。他们在去年三月去世前与传奇科学家合作。

下载适用于Android或iPhone设备的Microsoft News应用程序,随时随地获取新闻和实时更新。

他们争辩说有关的信息 物 存储在黑洞事件视界上的“软毛”中。

头发大战

黑洞是我们无法看到的空间中的地方,但由于它们对附近恒星施加的影响而知道存在。在这些地方物质被强烈压缩,重力的拉力非常大,甚至光也无法逃脱。这些神秘的漏洞引发了许多问题,并导致了一场科学的战争。

 

艺术家对黑洞的渲染。

 

©Atlantic Media,Inc。 提供艺术家对黑洞的渲染。阿尔伯特爱因斯坦在20世纪初就认为黑洞彼此难以区分。它们只能通过它们的质量和旋转来表征,但没有任何独特的区别,表明它们所吸收的痕迹。这被称为“无头发”理论,它将黑洞比作秃头。

但它提出了一个问题,因为根据量子力学的定律,没有任何东西可以在不留下其先前物理状态的某种痕迹的情况下消失。这提出了一个问题,即关于吸入黑洞的事情的信息会发生什么。

在20世纪后期,斯蒂芬霍金认为黑洞彼此不同,并且具有超越质量和旋转的附加特征 - 它们具有可以测量的独特温度。1974年,霍金认为黑洞不仅会吞下一切,而且会在最终蒸发之前发射辐射。

 

 

 

©盖蒂如果黑洞具有不同的温度,这意味着熵,这是物体内部紊乱的量度,一个随着热量上升的数量。霍金的黑洞熵理论引发了对无毛定理的质疑。

然而,他仍然相信有关物质进入洞穴的信息永远消失了。1981年,霍金认为,在黑洞内是其他虚拟黑洞,它们很快就会闪现和不存在,并且它们会删除有关物质的信息。

根据理论物理学家伦纳德·苏斯金德(Leonard Susskind)2008年出版的同名书,他的理论引发了“黑洞战争”。一个世纪以来,Susskind和霍金等着名理论物理学家都有过竞争关于信息丢失的概念。不是每个人都同意霍金的观点,即物质可能会丢失。

投注很重要

2004年,霍金认定他错了,毕竟信息可能不会丢失。2007年,他与物理学家唐·佩奇(Don Page)在1980年完成了1美元的赌注。霍金的让步是幽默的。“我在美元疲软的情况下承认,”他在2007年4月23日写道。

但信息悖论所带来的问题并未得到解决:目前尚不清楚黑洞所包含的问题究竟发生了什么。但答案可能在于熵,霍金提出的原始测量是为了更好地理解1974年的黑洞。

2016年,霍金,剑桥同事马尔科姆·佩里和哈佛大学的安德鲁·斯特罗明格发表了一篇论文,提供了一个初步的解释。他们认为无质量粒子或光子称为“软头发”,可以包围黑洞并保存信息。

画廊:不,先生!拒绝英国人的名人 荣誉 (照片服务)

 

 
 
 
 
Slide 5 of 49: NEW YORK - JUNE 07: David Bowie attends the 2010 CFDA Fashion Awards at Alice Tully Hall at Lincoln Center on June 7, 2010 in New York City. (Photo by Andrew H. Walker/Getty Images)
Slide 6 of 49: Colorized, engraved portrait of British chemist and physicist Michael Faraday (1791 - 1867), mid 19th century. (Photo by Stock Montage/Getty Images)
Slide 7 of 49: Albert Finney during
Slide 8 of 49: LONDON - JANUARY 17:  Professor Stephen Hawking delivers his speech at the release of the
Slide 9 of 49: UNITED KINGDOM - JANUARY 01: Portrait of Muhammad Ali JINNAH, leader of the Indian Muslim League on a trip to London. (Photo by Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images)
Slide 10 of 49: (GERMANY OUT) Lawrence, Thomas Edward *15.08.1888-19.05.1935+Archaeologist, Writer, Secret Agentfame as Lawrence of Arabia- Portrait- Published in:
Slide 11 of 49: HOLLYWOOD, CA - APRIL 30: Peter O
Slide 12 of 49: (Eingeschränkte Rechte für bestimmte redaktionelle Kunden in Deutschland. Limited rights for specific editorial clients in Germany.) Kipling, Rudyard *30.12.1865-18.01.1936+Schriftsteller, GBLiteraturnobelpreis 1907- Portrait- 1926 (Photo by ullstein bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images)
Slide 13 of 49: LONDON, ENGLAND - NOVEMBER 18: Peter Tatchell attends the Gay Times Honours held at National Portrait Gallery on November 18, 2017 in London, England. (Photo by Jeff Spicer/Getty Images)
Slide 14 of 49: PARIS - JANUARY: (FILE PHOTO) Artist Francis Bacon at the opening of his exhibition in Paris,France during January of 1984. (Photo by Ulf Andersen/Getty Images)
Slide 15 of 49: English artist L. S. Lowry (1887 - 1976) with his painting
Slide 16 of 49: 20th October 1977: English author and winner of the Order of Merit Award J B Priestley with his wife in London. (Photo by Ian Tyas/Keystone Features/Getty Images)
Slide 17 of 49: FRANCE - JUNE 28: Doris Lessing, Author On June 28th, 1992 (Photo by Frederic REGLAIN/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images)
Slide 18 of 49: English author J. G. Ballard (1930 - 2009) at home in Shepperton, 30th August 2000. The painting behind him is a copy of
Slide 19 of 49: LONDON, ENGLAND - OCTOBER 30: Honor Blackman visits
Slide 20 of 49: LONDON, ENGLAND - DECEMBER 10: Paul Weller attends the British Independent Film Awards held at Old Billingsgate on December 10, 2017 in London, England. (Photo by Dave J Hogan/Getty Images)
Slide 21 of 49: English actor Jim Broadbent poses during a photocall before a press conference to present the film
Slide 22 of 49: HAY-ON-WYE, WALES - JUNE 04:  Ken Loach, Film Director, at the Hay Festival on June 4, 2017 in Hay-on-Wye, United Kingdom.  (Photo by David Levenson/Getty Images)
Slide 23 of 49: LONDON - 11th FEBRUARY: English musician and member of The Beatles John Lennon (1940-1980) posed backstage on BBC TV
Slide 24 of 49: 1990: Portrait of Howard Gayle of Blackburn Rovers. \ Mandatory Credit: Russell Cheyne/Allsport
Slide 25 of 49: WOODSTOCK, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 24: Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, writer, during the Blenheim Palace Literary Festival at Blenheim Palace on September 24, 2015 in Woodstock, England. (Photo by David Levenson/Getty Images)
Slide 26 of 49: Benjamin Zephaniah performing in the Big Red Tent at Womad, Charlton Park, Malmesbury, UK on 30 July 2017. (Photo by David Corio/Redferns)
Slide 27 of 49: LONDON, ENGLAND - JUNE 06: Dawn French (L) and Jennifer Saunders attend the Glamour Women of The Year Awards 2017 in Berkeley Square Gardens on June 6, 2017 in London, England. (Photo by David M Benett/Dave Benett/Getty Images)
Slide 28 of 49: Mr James Callaghan and wife Audrey. (Photo by PA Images via Getty Images)
Slide 29 of 49: British writer John Le Carre attends a sreeening of Berlinale Special Series
Slide 30 of 49: 25th November 1950: Irish-born academic, writer and Christian apologist Clive Staples Lewis (1898 - 1963). As a Fellow and Tutor of Magdalen College he taught at Oxford from 1925 to 1954. Original Publication: Picture Post - 5159 - Eternal Oxford - pub. 1950 (Photo by John Chillingworth/Picture Post/Getty Images)
Slide 31 of 49: LONDON, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 22: Nigella Lawson seen at BBC Radio 2 on September 22, 2017 in London, England. (Photo by Neil Mockford/GC Images)
Slide 32 of 49: (Eingeschränkte Rechte für bestimmte redaktionelle Kunden in Deutschland. Limited rights for specific editorial clients in Germany.) *28.10.1903-10.04.1966+Schriftsteller, GrossbritannienPorträt- um 1954 (Photo by ullstein bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images)
Slide 33 of 49: Director and executive producer Danny Boyle attends a special screening of FX Networks
Slide 34 of 49: Novelist and Poet Aldous Huxley seated, looking into the camera, wearing checkered pants, a dark vest and sportcoat, shirt with white collar, and a pale necktie. (Photo by Charles Sheeler/Conde Nast via Getty Images)
Slide 35 of 49: ROME, ITALY - NOVEMBER 02:  Vanessa Redgrave walks the red carpet during the 12th Rome Film Fest at Auditorium Parco Della Musica on November 2, 2017 in Rome, Italy.  (Photo by Maria Moratti/Contigo/Getty Images)
Slide 36 of 49: German-born British painter Lucien Freud is the grandson of Sigmund Freud. (Photo by © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS/Corbis via Getty Images)
Slide 37 of 49: UNITED KINGDOM - MAY 01: Sculptor Henry Moore standing by his
Slide 38 of 49: 4th March 1971: British-born film director Alfred Hitchcock (1899 - 1980) attends the Society of Film and Television Arts Awards (later named the BAFTA Awards) at the Royal Albert Hall, London. (Photo by Mike Lawn/Fox Photos/Getty Images)
Slide 39 of 49: Australian politician Alfred Deakin (1856 - 1919), circa 1900. He became the second Prime Minister of Australia in 1903. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
Slide 40 of 49: Actor Robert Morley (Photo by �� John Springer Collection/CORBIS/Corbis via Getty Images)
Slide 41 of 49: (Original Caption) 1930-Sir Rabindranath Tagore, famed poet of India.
Slide 42 of 49: LUCCA, ITALY - APRIL 14:  English Director Stephen Frears attends a discussion on cinema at the Lucca Film Festival on April 14, 2018 in Lucca, Italy.  (Photo by Laura Lezza/Getty Images)
Slide 43 of 49: Novelist and screenwriter Roald Dahl, 1976. (Photo by Tony Evans/Getty Images)
Slide 44 of 49: LONDON, ENGLAND - JULY 24:  Julie Christie attends the West End Gala Performance of
Slide 45 of 49: Film Director Lindsay Anderson, 1980 (Photo by © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS/Corbis via Getty Images)
Slide 46 of 49: NEW YORK, NY - FEBRUARY 12:  Actor Malcom McDowell attends SAG-AFTRA Foundation Conversations:
Slide 47 of 49: LONDON, ENGLAND - OCTOBER 03: Ian McDiarmid attends the press night after party for
幻灯片48 49:慕尼黑,德国 -  7月01:演员比尔Nighy到达
幻灯片49(共49张):伦敦,英格兰 -  4月13日:(SUN报纸出来。强调信用照片由DAVE J. HOGAN GETTY IMAGES需要)Alan Rickman出席2015年4月13日在ODEON肯辛顿举行的
Slide 1 of 49:TORONTO,ON - 4月18日:Nigella Lawson在测试厨房里与多伦多星的居民食品作家Karon Liu一起,在她的新食谱At My Table上制作芝麻烤鸡。(Anne-Marie Jackson /多伦多之星通过Getty Images); 伦敦,英国 - 2月08:斯蒂芬·霍金在2015年2月8日的皇家歌剧院出席EE英国学院电影奖在伦敦,英国。(摄影:Tristan Fewings / Getty Images)

 

下一张幻灯片全屏

1/49幻灯片 ©Anne-Marie Jackson / Toronto Star via Getty Images; Tristan Fewings / Getty Images

每年,英国君主都会在男女名单上授予荣誉,因为他们对各个领域或勇敢的贡献。虽然它被广泛认为是一种很大的特权,但并非所有被提名的人都愿意接受所提供的头衔。

看看这个名人名单,其中包括演员约翰克里斯,厨师和电视名人奈杰拉劳森,物理学家斯蒂芬霍金和前披头士约翰列侬,所有人都拒绝承认或接受它只是为了在以后返回奖项。

物理学家在最后几天与霍金合作撰写了这篇论文。它认为,霍金最初的1974年黑洞熵计算与他们对软毛熵的计算相对应。他们认为,在黑洞的事件视界,或光线无法逃脱引力的点,柔软的头发保存着关于物 这似乎消失在黑洞里。

然而,谜语仍未解决。科学家们不知道软毛是否存储了曾经被认为是丢失在黑洞中的信息,或者只是一部分,而且该论文做出的假设仍然必须被证明是有效的。“我们不知道霍金熵会占据你可能在黑洞上扔的所有东西,所以这真的是一步之遥,”佩里告诉卫报。“我们认为这是一个非常好的步骤,但还有很多工作要做。”


返回首页 | 关于我们 | 招聘启事 | 免责条款 | 广告服务 | 投稿通道 | 专家团队 | 本网团队 | 联系我们 

版权所有:辽宁党刊网
地址:辽宁省北京东路1555号 邮政编码:700003
备案/许可证编号为:ICP备案号:赣B20000030号
全国公安网络备案:60000000000000 客服电话:0791-0403296 电子邮箱:2038996513@qq.com
信息支持:辽宁党刊网 交流编委会 经费支持:辽宁网络传媒有限公司 技术支持:华采公司
免责声明:转载本网原创内容请注明出处。本网部分内容来源于互联网,如有侵犯到您的合法权益 请联系本网客服,我们将尽快处理,谢谢合作!

回到顶部